Hugo Hopton
Chief Executive Officer
South East Catchment Water Management Board

Introduction
The South East Catchment Water Management Board was established in May 1998 under the Water Resources Act 1997.  Its mandate is to prepare and implement a catchment water management plan, advise the Minister and Councils, and promote public awareness.

The Board is required to consider all waters in its area, including surface waters, waste waters, reclaimed waters and the waters below, the groundwaters.  

Background
While the Board will determine the full content and structure of the comprehensive catchment water management plan, the Water Resources Act 1997 requires the Board to give specific coverage to a range of issues, including:

•  information on the quality and quantity of water comprising the water resources of the region;
• information on the health of the ecosystems that depend on that water;
• the water needs of ecosystems
• water which should be managed for recreational use;
• economic, environmental and social considerations of water resources management;
• Water resources management  goals;
• Indicators for measuring success in implementing the plan;
• Monitoring and analysis of water resources and ecosystems; and
• The works program,.

Discussion
With the legislative requirement for the Board to develop the comprehensive catchment water management plan comes opportunity.  For the first time there will be a plan relevant to all of the waters of the entire Board region.  In doing this, the Board has an opportunity to exercise great leadership in developing a community vision for a sustainable future for the catchment.

An early stage in the process for the Board is to determine the definition of sustainability in the context of the Board region.  Peter Ellyard in his book “Ideas for the new millennium” discusses sustainability, and suggests that ‘sustainable development ‘ may be a more inclusive concept to ‘ecologically sustainable development’.  He argues that including the word ecologically has satisfied the environment movement and natural resource agencies of government, but made ESD a concept of marginal importance to the community and to business.  To lift above this, he suggests that:

“A sustainable society is one which can exist more or less indefinitely because it is both respectful of and able to change and adapt to its natural limits”. 

He goes on to question, if, with current knowledge, the elements of sustainability:

• Ecological, 
• Economic
• Social, and
• Cultural

The Board, in considering its vision for the catchment, will need to determine if it, in association with the community, will be focussing on sustainability in its broadest sense.  Alternatively, it could as Ellyard suggests, singly consider the elements of economic, ecological, social and cultural sustainability for the waters of the catchment of the South East.

Added to this, the Board will also have to decide whether or not to develop a hierarchy of sustainability at strategic level, or whether to examine each issue on its merits.  Should ecological sustainability dominate over economic sustainability.  For example, the comprehensive catchment water management plan will certainly have to discuss the rate at which the fossil waters of the confined aquifer should be used.  Should they be eked out over 1,000 years, or used for economic benefit in a much shorter period of time.

Before the debate on sustainability can be openly initiated, the Board faces a significant challenge.  Currently water allocation is high in the mind of many sections of the community, and has become quite political.  While some of the issues are similar, such as declining water qualities in some areas, the heat in this debate reflects the effects of current and future water allocations on individuals or enterprises, rather than the community as a whole.

To avoid this distracting the emphasis on developing a vision of a sustainable catchment, the Board must design and run a process to allow the water allocation plans to be developed in a fair and consultative way.   This process, because of the timelines confronting the Board will be concurrent with the comprehensive catchment water management planning process.  The Board will seek to keep the two planning processes separate in the community’s minds, while ensuring the two processes connect at relevant times on issues of common interest.

The examination of economic, social, ecological and cultural issues will differ in scale and scope between the two processes.  The comprehensive catchment water management plan will set direction for the very long term, while water allocation plans will focus on the immediate.

In working with the community to set a vision for the catchment, the Board must also contemplate, and assist the community to contemplate the external influences currently at play.  Some of these are described below:

1. Water is an increasingly politicised issue, locally through to internationally;
2. Council of Australian Governments water reforms provide a framework which binds all Australian jurisdictions (governments);
3. The community is more aware and educated about the issues connected with the economy and the environment, including water management, than ever before;
4. The economy is reflecting the increasing trend to globalisation;
5. The actions or behaviour of all jurisdictions is subject to the views and actions of other jurisdictions;
6. Beyond 2000 seems to be beyond comprehension for strategic thinking;
7. An trend in the intensification of Australian agriculture seems to be exponential in momentum.  At the same time the terms of trade of rural enterprises continue to decline;
8. Technology development is characterised by information technology, biotechnology, new space-age materials and miniaturisation;
9. Jobs and social structure of families and society are in rapid change.

This means that the development of a vision for the catchment cannot and should not rest in the artefacts of past management, or even resource sharing.  The wider community and even the global community have an interest and a stakeholding in the well-being of the South East’s water resources.  The catchment is, therefore, very much part of the global community as a result of the globalisation of environmental issues.  

The sound management policies currently in place in the Board’s region indicate the prudence and strength of character of the former water resources committees active in the region.  Existing and modified policies need to remain in place while the future direction arises from the development of the comprehensive catchment water management plan.

Below are just some issues which may be explored in the development of the vision and the consequent direction in catchment management.
 

Vision for the catchment
Without limiting the scope that the Board / community interaction will bring in the preparation of the comprehensive catchment water management plan, the vision for the catchment may include the following:

Societal Issues

• The community is engaged in catchment planning decision making and management 
• Society values the resource and shares responsibility for its management;
• Inter and intra-generational equity is respected;
• Management is characterised by partnerships.

• The processes within water-dependent ecosystems are buffered against human-induced change;
• The water needs of water-dependent natural assets are understood and provided for;
• Threatening processes for the waters of the region are understood and addressed, including salinity and diffuse pollution.

• Water ownership enables swift transfer to the most beneficial use;
• There is economic value in doing ecological good.

• Cultural connections to the waters of the catchment are respected and provided for.

• What are the elements of a sustainable catchment?
• How do these differ from an unsustainable catchment?
• What has to be done to move from an unsustainable catchment to a sustainable one?
• How can community attitude be moved from self-interest to enlightened self interest or community-thinking?
• What meaningful values can be applied to non-tangible assets, other than $?

Underpinning the vision for the catchment must be an effective monitoring network, recording a well-considered range of parameters.  The South East is certainly fortunate to have a very extensive groundwater monitoring system. 

The region needs to add to this a monitoring framework which will also yield sound information on some of the less tangible parameters.  This may include issues such as the health of below ground cavities, the formations within them, their water features and the life associated with them.

Conclusion
The Board has a firm view that the vision for the catchment must be inspirational and credible.  Therefore the inputs of all interests obvious and not-so-obvious are required in the planning and the implementation.

The vision for the catchment must not only accommodate the current management needs of the water resources of the catchment, but must excite the community about the ecological, economic, social and cultural opportunities the future can hold.

References
1. Rolls, J and Botting, D, “Toward integration of surface and groundwater management in the South East of South Australia”, Department of Environement and Natural Resources, 1997.
2. South East Catchment Water Management Board. “Initial Catchment Water Management Plan” (unpub), 1999.
3. Ellyard, P. “Ideas for the new Millennium” Melbourne University Press, 1998.
4. Water Resources Act 1997.

Appendix 1

Physical Description of the board area
The Board’s catchment is the largest Board area in South Australia.  It extends from the southern-most part of the State to the Mallee parks in the north, from the relatively high ground along the Victorian border to the sea as far north as the Coorong.  It takes in the agricultural zones ranging from intensive high rainfall to extensive low rainfall, lands of high quality to those seriously affected by issues such as dryland salinity.  It also takes in areas almost completely cleared of their original vegetation, through to those with large tracts of native vegetation and high-value wetlands and lakes.  Throughout the catchment are towns, peri-urban areas and industry, all reliant on the same groundwater resource.

Investment in irrigation continues to expand as farm businesses and new investors look to an increasingly globalised market, and one in which traditional commodities attract lower real prices.  Towns and industries continue to grow, with that growth bringing an increasing reliance on the water resources of the region.

Farm gate value of irrigated products exceeds $100 m annually.  In addition, industries such as paper pulp and potato processing use  groundwater and add substantially to the economy.

The South East possesses water resources that are second only to the River Murray in their potential importance.  The region’s groundwater resources principally lie in two aquifers: an upper unconfined aquifer, and a deeper confined aquifer, separated from the upper aquifer by a confining bed of clays.
Surface water is also a feature of the area.  The South East possesses many seasonal and permanent swamps and water bodies, but is almost devoid of surface streams.  Drains cut at right angles to the lines of the stranded beach ridges and reconstruction of some natural watercourses have mitigated flooding which was previously a regular occurrence across much of the region.

The unconfined aquifer is recharged annually by rainfall, with recharge ranging from 10 to 15 mm per year in the north to more than 150 mm in the south, depending on rainfall, vegetation cover and soils.  It has a hydraulic gradient towards the coast with a watertable elevation of more than 80m AHD east of Naracoorte to less than 5m AHD near the coast.  The depth to groundwater ranges from over 20 metres around Mt Gambier to 2 metres over much of the central area.  The lateral groundwater flow ranges from 1 to 40 metres per year.

The quality of the unconfined aquifer varies across the region, with low salinities in the south (< 500 mg/L) to very high salinities in the north-west of the region (> 7000 mg/L).  In a number of areas the quality of the unconfined aquifer has been affected by waste disposal, irrigation and agricultural practices and changing land use.  The most important influence in unconfined aquifer water quality is salinisation resulting from locally concentrated use of the groundwater.

The confined aquifer contains older water, principally recharged in western Victoria, as well as some locally restricted recharge areas, such as near Nangwarry.  Vertical leakage between the two aquifers occurs in some areas.  In the west of the region there is sufficient confined aquifer pressure to enable bores to flow freely at the ground surface.  The depth to the confined aquifer ranges from less than 30 metres in the Glencoe area to more than 300 metres along the south coast.  Salinity ranges from 600 to over 3,000 mg/L.